PCB设计技巧FAQ(3)

Q:
why the wien bridge can only be balanced at one frequency? even if the ratio of coupled resistors is varied
A:
The operation principle of Wien bridge oscillator is positive feedback mechanism. The transfer function (or gain) of the Wien bridge oscillator (in Laplace transform) is Af(s)=A(s)/[1-A(s)B(s)], which A(s) is open loop gain of amplifier and B(s) is the gain of feedback network. To oscillate spontaneously, the Af(s) must approach to infinity which implies denominator is zero. That is, the product of A(s) and B(s) need to be equal to 1. Due to the frequency dependence of A(s)B(s), there is only one frequency can make the denominator to be zero. That is why the Wien bridge only balance at one frequency. The oscillation frequency is determined by the resistors and capacitors in the positive feedback path, f=1/[2πsqrt(R1C1R2C2)], where R1, C1, R2, C2 are the components in the positive feedback path. The components on negative feedback path are nothing to do with the oscillation frequency. The other intuitive insight to this concept of balancing at one frequency is to treat the network of positive feedback path as a frequency selector. There are a high-pass filter formed by a series capacitor with a grounded resistor and a low-pass filter formed by a series resistor with a grounded capacitor. The total effect is similar to a bandpass filter. There is a website to address this concept: http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_ckt18_2.htm#2

Q:
一个系统往往分成若干个PCB，有电源、接口、主板等，各板之间的地线往往各有互连，导致形成许许多多的环路，产生诸如低频环路噪声，不知这个问题如何解决？
A:
各个PCB板子相互连接之间的信号或电源在动作时，例如A板子有电源或信号送到B板子，一定会有等量的电流从地层流回到A板子 (此为Kirchoff current law)。这地层上的电流会找阻抗最小的地方流回去。所以，在各个不管是电源或信号相互连接的接口处，分配给地层的管脚数不能太少，以降低阻抗，这样可以降低地层上的噪声。另外，也可以分析整个电流环路，尤其是电流较大的部分，调整地层或地线的接法，来控制电流的走法(例如，在某处制造低阻抗，让大部分的电流从这个地方走)，降低对其它较敏感信号的影响。

Q:
众所周知PCB板包括很多层，但其中某些层的含义我还不是很清楚。mechanical，keepoutlayer,topoverlay,bottomoverlay, toppaste,bottompaste,topsolder,bottomsolder,drillguide,drilldrawing,multilayer这些层不知道它们的确切含义。希望您指教。
A:
在EDA软件的专门术语中，有很多不是有相同定义的。以下就字面上可能的意义来解释。
Mechnical: 一般多指板型机械加工尺寸标注层
Keepoutlayer: 定义不能走线、打穿孔(via)或摆零件的区域。这几个限制可以独立分开定义。
Topoverlay: 无法从字面得知其意义。多提供些讯息来进一步讨论。
Bottomoverlay: 无法从字面得知其意义。可多提供些讯息来进一步讨论。
Toppaste: 顶层需要露出铜皮上锡膏的部分。
Bottompaste: 底层需要露出铜皮上锡膏的部分。
Topsolder: 应指顶层阻焊层，避免在制造过程中或将来维修时可能不小心的短路 Bottomsolder: 应指底层阻焊层。
Drillguide: 可能是不同孔径大小，对应的符号，个数的一个表。
Drilldrawing: 指孔位图，各个不同的孔径会有一个对应的符号。
Multilayer: 应该没有单独这一层，能指多层板，针对单面板和双面板而言。